A Typology of Human-Technology Relations

Abstract

This essay offers a phenomenological typology of human–technology relations in response to the emergence of Generative and Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI). Drawing on Albert Borgmann’s device paradigm and Martin Buber’s I–It and I–Thou distinction, it identifies three ideal types of relation: instrument-relations, which extend human efficacy through skillful engagement; device-relations, which deliver commodified effects through hidden machinery; and companion-relations, which simulate or substitute for human presence. Language based AI systems make the companion-relation only recently plausible by producing the appearance of agency, subjectivity, and personhood. While acknowledging AI’s possible utility, the essay is critical of treating AI as a companion, especially as a substitute for one’s own presence in focal practices—especially writing—that cultivate attention, understanding, and authentic human presence. It concludes by urging intentional restraint in outsourcing human authorship and expression to technological surrogates.